2017-08-31 11:40:41

Today's Topics

  • Wrap up on the forebrain
  • White matter tracts
  • The peripheral nervous system

Hippocampus

  • Immediately lateral to lateral ventricles
  • Memories of specific facts or events
  • Fornix projects to hypothalamus
  • Mammillary bodies

Hippocampus

Amygdala (“almond”)

  • Physiological state, behavioral readiness, affect
  • NOT the fear center! (LeDoux 2015).

Amygdala

Cerebral Cortex

Cerebral hemispheres

Groove (sulcus or sulci)

Bumps (gyrus or gyri)

Grey vs.white matter

Lobes

Cortical Gyri – Lateral

Cortical Gyri – Medial

Gray vs. White Matter

Lobes of the cerebral cortex

Frontal

Temporal

Parietal

Occipital

Bones of the skull

Lobes

Landmarks of the cortex

Lateral sulcus/fissure

Central sulcus

Frontal lobe

Where is it?

  • Anterior to central sulcus
  • Superior to lateral fissure
  • Dorsal to temporal lobe

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

Frontal lobe

What does it do?

  • Primary motor cortex (M1)
    • Supplementary motor cortex
    • Frontal eye fields (FEF)
  • Prefrontal cortex
    • Planning, problem solving, working memory…?

Frontal lobe

What does it do?

  • Basal forebrain
    • Nucleus accumbens
  • Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
  • Primary olfactory cortex

Cingulate Gyrus

Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG)

Middle Frontal Gyrus (MFG)

Temporal lobe

Where is it?

  • Ventral to frontal, parietal lobes
  • Inferior to lateral fissure

Temporal lobe

What does it do?

  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Object, face recognition
  • Storage of memories about events, objects
  • Amygdala, hippocampus

Inferior Temporal Gyrus (ITG)

Entorhinal Cortex (ER)

Parietal lobe

Where is it?

  • Caudal to frontal lobe
  • Dorsal to temporal lobe
  • Posterior to central sulcus

What does it do?

  • Primary somatosensory cortex
  • Perception of spatial relations, action planning

Inferior Parietal Lobule

Superior Parietal Lobule

Occipital lobe

Where is it?

  • Caudal to parietal & temporal lobes

What does it do?

  • Primary visual cortex (V1)

Visual Cortex

Insular cortex (insula)

Where is it?

  • medial to temporal lobe
  • deep inside lateral fissure

Insula

Insula

What does it do?

  • Primary gustatory cortex
  • self-awareness, interpersonal experiences, motor control

Brodmann Areas

Brodmann Areas

Brodmann Areas

Spinal cord

Rostral/Caudal axis

  • Spinal column w/ vertebrae
  • Cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (1)
  • Spinal segments & 31 nerve pairs
  • Cauda equina

Spinal cord

Spinal cord

Organization of the spinal cord

  • Dorsal/Ventral
    • Dorsal root (sensory)
    • Ventral root (mostly motor)
  • Grey (interior) vs. white matter (exterior)

Organization of the PNS

Somatic division

Autonomic

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

Cranial nerves

  • Afferents (input), efferents (output), or mixed
  • Innervate head and neck
  • Olfactory (I), ocular (II), (VIII) auditory, vagus (X), etc.
  • Spinal nerves

Cranial nerves

Major white matter pathways

Brainstem

Projection fibers

Association fibers

Commissural fibers

Brainstem projections

  • Corticospinal tract (descending/efferent)
  • Dorsal column/medial lemniscus (ascending/afferent)
  • Superior/inferior cerebellar peduncles (from/to cerebellum)

Projection fiber tracts

  • Internal capsule
    • Thalamic radiation
    • Cortico-{pontine, bulbar, reticular} tracts

Cortical white matter tracts

  • Superior/inferior longitudinal fasciculus
  • Superior/inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
  • Cingulum, fornix (hyp-hip), stria terminalis (hyp-amyg)

Commissural fibers

  • Corpus callosum
  • Anterior commissure (AC)
  • Posterior commissure (PC)

Anterior, Posterior Commissures

Autonomic nervous system

  • CNS & PNS components
  • Controls “vegetative functions”
    • Limited voluntary control
  • Two divisions
    • Sympathetic
    • Parasympathetic

ANS

Sympathetic division

  • Prepares body for action
  • “Fight or flight”
  • Spinal cord
    • ganglion chain along spinal column to End organs
  • NTs
    • Preganglionic: ACh
    • Post: NE

Parasympathetic division

  • “Around” sympathetic
  • Restorative function
  • “Rest & digest”
  • Spinal cord (or Vagus n.) -> ganglia near end organs -> end organ
    • NT: ACh

Next time

  • Neuroanatomy lab

References